What’s The Difference Between Seminary and Theological School?
Seminaries play a crucial role in the formation of spiritual leaders, providing them with the knowledge, skills, and spiritual foundation needed to lead and serve their congregations. Whether preparing for ordained ministry or other forms of religious service, seminary education is integral to the development of individuals dedicated to their faith and community.
Degrees Offered by Seminary Schools
4 Reasons to Consider Seminary Education
7 Key Qualities of Successful Seminary Students
Career Options with a Seminary Degree
What Is a Seminary?
A seminary is a faith-based graduate school that provides theological education and practical training required for spiritual leadership. Seminaries prepare students (called seminarians) to serve God and their communities in various capacities, including through leadership roles, counseling, and education. While divinity schools and theological schools also provide theological education, they tend to have a broader and more interdenominational representation, whereas seminaries, particularly within Christianity, often have a more specific focus on pastoral or ministerial training.
Many seminaries — though not all — are part of larger, secular institutions that offer coursework and degrees in theological studies. Most seminaries serve aspiring leaders of a specific faith, such as Christianity, Judaism, and Islam; some are non-denominational and welcome students from diverse religious backgrounds.
In Catholicism, seminaries are often associated with preparing individuals for the priesthood, though attending seminary does not always lead to ordination. Depending on the faith and denomination, some seminaries have gender restrictions; for example, Catholic seminaries may only admit men due to the requirement of a male-only priesthood.
A seminary curriculum includes advanced courses in theology, religious texts, traditions, and ethics, as well as practical courses in spiritual leadership that prepare students for the real-world application of their faith. In Christian seminaries, the curriculum typically includes in-depth study of the Bible, understanding the history of Christianity or the specific religion being studied, examining key religious texts and traditions, and studying ethics and moral principles within the context of the faith.
There is an important distinction between seminaries, theological schools, and Bible colleges. Bible colleges tend to offer both certificate and degree programs (usually undergraduate) but are not regionally accredited as theological schools. Bible colleges also focus largely on practical studies, whereas seminaries offer both practical and academic degrees.
History of the Seminary
The concept of seminary schools dates back to the Middle Ages. The term “seminary” originally described a plot of land where seeds were planted and grown into plants — a metaphor later applied to education, symbolizing students’ spiritual growth and expansion of religious ideals and principles.
The Roman Catholic Church can trace the origins of seminary schools to its response to the Reformation, during which it established new institutions that emphasized theology and related studies to prepare priests for ministry.
The oldest Catholic seminary in the United States is St. Mary’s Seminary and University in Baltimore, founded in 1791.
Types of Seminaries
Catholic seminaries in the U.S. can be categorized into two main types: minor and major seminaries.
Minor seminaries are designed for teenagers and young adults who have committed to the priesthood. These schools often function as boarding schools, requiring students to live on campus and focus intensively on their training and education.
Major seminaries, on the other hand, are typically affiliated with college and university campuses. They offer a range of theology courses and may provide undergraduate programs that help students complete their bachelor’s degrees. Most major seminaries also offer graduate and postgraduate programs.
It must be noted that the Protestant Church has also adopted the term “seminary” to describe graduate schools for ministers, though these schools do not follow the same requirements or guidelines as Catholic seminaries.
Accrediting Bodies for Seminaries
Several accrediting bodies are recognized by the U.S. Department of Education to oversee the quality and standards of seminary education. These include The Association of Theological Schools Commission on Accrediting (Protestant, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, and Jewish), Association of Advanced Rabbinical and Talmudic Schools (Jewish), the Association for Biblical Higher Education (Christian), and the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools. These organizations ensure that seminaries meet rigorous academic and institutional criteria and maintain high standards for religious education.
What Is a Theological School?
A theological school is an educational institution dedicated to the study of theology and related disciplines, often within the context of a specific religious tradition. Theological schools provide advanced courses in religious texts, ethics, history, and philosophy as part of a curriculum designed to deepen students’ understanding of their faith and its application in various aspects of life.
Theological schools welcome individuals preparing for roles in ministry, academia, counseling, and other fields where a profound knowledge of religious, spiritual, and ethical matters is essential. Unlike seminaries — which are more focused on preparing clergy for specific religious duties — theological schools typically offer a broader and more ecumenical curriculum, welcoming students from diverse religious backgrounds and fostering interfaith dialogue and understanding. These institutions play a crucial role in cultivating informed and thoughtful leaders who can contribute to their communities’ spiritual and moral development.
Degrees Offered by Seminary Schools
The vast majority of seminaries in the U.S. are graduate schools that culminate in advanced degrees. These include Master of Divinity, Master of Theological Studies, and Master of Arts degrees.
Master of Divinity
The Master of Divinity, or MDiv, is the most common advanced degree held by ordained Christian clergy members, both Catholic and Protestant. Anyone seeking to enter the clergy must hold an MDiv, as this degree demonstrates that the candidate possesses a deep understanding of their faith and the practical ministerial knowledge required to lead a congregation. Lay people — those who do not wish to or cannot be ordained — often earn MDiv degrees as preparation for roles in religious education, chaplaincy, counseling, nonprofit leadership, or other fields in which the training is applicable. Master of Divinity programs can be either non-denominational or affiliated with a specific church or denomination.
Master of Theological Studies
A Master of Theological Studies (or sometimes Master of Theology) is an academic degree focused on deep inquiry into religious texts, scholarly works, art, literature, history, and traditions. An MTS program incorporates elements of philosophy, ethics, academic research, and cultural studies, all framed by a specific religious tradition. Unlike an MDiv, an MTS does not provide the required training for aspiring clergy members, though it does provide a strong foundation for working in religious education, counseling, lay ministry, or parish support roles. Many lay people who earn their Master of Theological Studies go on to earn a terminal degree and teach theology at the university level.
Master of Arts
A Master of Arts (MA) in Theology comprises elements of religious studies, Biblical studies, and pastoral education from an academic standpoint. Those who earn MA degrees in this area go on to become authors, researchers, religious historians, community ministers, chaplains, religious educators, retreat leaders, and more. While it does not provide practical training for a specific profession, earning an MA degree is an appropriate prerequisite for entering a doctoral program.
Seminary doctoral degrees
Some seminarians wish to earn a terminal degree in their studies, of which there are several options. A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in theology focuses more on academic research than ministry, so it is recommended for those who want to teach or work in academia.
A Doctor of Ministry (DMin), on the other hand, is designed to continue the practical education provided by a Master of Divinity program. DMin candidates are likely ordained or in the process of joining the clergy and spend much more time on field work than on academic research in their program. Both PhD and DMin programs culminate in a dissertation.
Seminary undergraduate degrees
Though uncommon, some seminaries offer four-year undergraduate degrees. Students can earn a bachelor’s degree in ministry, theology, or religious education, all of which are ideal prerequisites for entering an MDiv, MTS, or MA program.
Seminary Degree Requirements
The requirements to enter a seminary ensure that prospective students are academically prepared and possess the necessary character and commitment to embark on rigorous pastoral and theological studies.
- Bachelor’s degree: Applicants need to have completed a bachelor’s program before enrolling in a seminary graduate program. Ideal degrees include those in theology, religious studies, Biblical studies, philosophy, or related fields.
- Academic standards: Applicants must meet the seminary’s academic standards for admission, including maintaining a minimum GPA, as evidenced by transcripts from all previous institutions.
- Letters of recommendation: Seminaries ask for letters of recommendation from either religious leaders or academic sources. These letters can serve as both testaments to the applicant’s academic performance and their character.
- Statement of Purpose: Applicants may need to submit a written component with their application, called a Statement of Purpose. This statement should explain the applicant’s motivations and goals for earning an advanced degree from a seminary.
- Personal preparedness: Whether through their letters of recommendation or Statement of Purpose, applicants must demonstrate they are prepared to undertake the academic and personal rigors of a graduate-level theological program. A strong understanding of one’s personal faith and beliefs is crucial, as is a willingness to remain open to differing perspectives.
Applicants may also need to undergo a background check, which may not necessarily disqualify them but is part of the assessment process. Depending on their career goals (such as aspiring to enter the clergy), applicants may be asked to complete a psychological evaluation to demonstrate their mental and emotional fitness to attend seminary.
While the specifics vary between seminaries, some may require students to adhere to a code of conduct. Guidelines may pertain to dress, curfew, worship service attendance, substance use, and socializing. Since many seminarians are bound for the clergy, these guidelines are meant to mimic the conduct that will be expected of ordained priests and other religious leaders.
Once accepted, students must complete all courses with a passing grade, as well as any practical components or internships required by their degree program. This applies especially to MDiv candidates who wish to become ordained.
The timeline for each degree depends on the student’s class schedule (full- or part-time), prior education, and practical requirements. Students with a solid academic background in religious studies can typically graduate in three to five years. Students without an undergraduate degree in a religious field might need six to seven years to complete their seminary education.
4 Reasons to Consider Seminary Education
Attending seminary can be a transformative and enriching experience for those called to deepen their theological knowledge and spiritual practice. Every seminarian has their own reasons for pursuing this type of education, ranging from professional to deeply personal.
- Deepen theological and scriptural understanding
Through rigorous coursework in subjects including the Old and New Testaments, ethics, and theology, seminarians gain a comprehensive understanding of religious texts and doctrines while deepening their connection to their own faith. This academic foundation enables students to critically engage with their faith and develop a nuanced perspective on spiritual matters. - Connect a love of God to practical career skills
Seminary equips students with practical skills essential for exhibiting strong leadership within their religious communities. Courses in ministerial arts, counseling, and ecclesiology, coupled with hands-on internships, prepare students to address the pastoral needs of their congregations, offer spiritual guidance, and manage church operations. - Build a supportive community
Seminarians have the opportunity to build lasting relationships with like-minded individuals who share similar values and goals. These connections often extend beyond seminary, forming a network of colleagues and friends in ministry who can offer crucial guidance, collaboration, and mutual support throughout one another’s careers. - Prepare for diverse career opportunities
A seminary education opens up a range of career possibilities beyond traditional pastoral roles. Graduates can pursue vocations in chaplaincy, religious education, nonprofit leadership, counseling, and even law or social justice work. The skills and knowledge acquired in seminary are applicable in contexts where ethical leadership and spiritual insight are valued, which enables graduates to make meaningful contributions in multiple sectors.
Perhaps best of all, the seminary experience is often transformative on a personal level. Students are encouraged to explore and deepen their personal faith and beliefs through spiritual formation programs, mentorship, and community worship, all while developing a stronger sense of their vocation. This growth fosters a deeper connection to one’s faith and a clearer understanding of their role within their religious tradition.
7 Key Qualities of Successful Seminary Students
Attending seminary requires a unique set of qualities that enable students to succeed academically, grow spiritually, and serve their communities with kindness and strength. Developing and nurturing these seven ideal traits helps ensure seminarians are well-prepared for the many challenges and rewards of ministry.
- Deep commitment to faith
It may go without saying, but a seminary student must possess a profound and unwavering commitment to their faith. This deep commitment drives their desire to explore theological concepts, engage in spiritual practices, and dedicate their lives to religious service. It also provides the motivation and resilience needed to navigate the challenges of seminary education and future ministry work. - Discipline
Self-discipline is essential for managing the demanding schedule of seminary life, which includes rigorous academic coursework, spiritual formation, and practical ministry activities. Seminary students must be able to set goals, adhere to deadlines, and maintain a consistent study and prayer routine. - Excellent study habits
Strong study habits are crucial for mastering complex theological material and excelling in a seminary program. This includes effective time management, the ability to engage deeply with texts, critical thinking, and the capacity to synthesize and apply academic knowledge. - Keen observational skills
The ability to observe people helps seminary students to perceive and understand the needs, emotions, and experiences of those they serve. Observational skills also help seminarians learn from their environment and absorb lessons from their mentors, whether or not something is explicitly taught in a class. - Ability to display empathy and compassion
Empathy and compassion are foundational qualities for anyone pursuing a life of ministry or service. These traits help seminary students connect with others on a deep emotional level, building trust and rapport while providing comfort, support, and understanding. - Curiosity
A genuine curiosity drives seminary students to explore complex theological questions, seek deeper understanding, and remain open to new ideas and perspectives. This intellectual curiosity is essential for engaging with nuanced theological debates, appreciating diverse viewpoints, and continually growing in knowledge and faith. Curiosity also fosters a lifelong commitment to learning and spiritual development. - Love of community
A love of community is vital for those preparing for roles in ministry, where building and nurturing relationships is central. Seminary students should have a genuine interest in fostering a sense of belonging, supporting communal worship, and encouraging collective spiritual growth. This love of community translates into effective leadership and the ability to create inclusive, supportive environments within their congregations.
Career Options with a Seminary Degree
Earning a Master of Divinity, Master of Theological Studies, or Master of Arts from a seminary opens up a world of diverse career possibilities, both religious and secular.
- Ordained priest, pastor, or minister: Leads a congregation, conducts worship services, provides pastoral care, and offers spiritual guidance and counseling to congregants.
- Deacon: Supports the clergy and congregation through various roles such as assisting in liturgical services, administering sacraments, and engaging in community outreach and service.
- Chaplain: Provides spiritual and emotional support and counseling in diverse settings such as hospitals, the military, prisons, and universities.
- Lay minister: Engages in various ministry roles without being ordained, such as leading religious education programs, facilitating worship, and supporting church operations.
- Missionary: Works to spread religious teachings and provide humanitarian aid in various cultural and geographic contexts, often traveling and engaging in community development projects.
- Counselor (spiritual or secular): Offers guidance and support on personal and spiritual issues, working in settings such as churches, counseling centers, or private practices.
- Teacher (religious or secular): Educates students in religious studies or other subjects, working in religious schools or other public/private educational institutions.
- Catechist: Instructs members of the Catholic Church in the principles of the faith in order to prepare them for sacraments and deepen their religious understanding.
- Professor of theology or religious studies: Teaches and conducts research in theological and religious subjects at colleges, universities, or seminaries (requires a doctoral degree).
- Theological scholar, writer, researcher, or speaker: Contributes to academic and public discourse by engaging in scholarly research, writing, and public speaking on theological topics.
- Social worker: Provides support and resources to individuals and communities in need, addressing social issues through a faith-based or secular approach (requires a Master of Social Work).
- Nonprofit leader: Manages and leads nonprofit organizations, often with a focus on social justice, human services, community development, or religious missions.
FAQs About Seminary
Are all seminaries Christian?
No. While many seminaries are Christian and focus on preparing aspiring clergy members for Christian ministry and leadership, there are also seminaries and theological schools associated with other religious traditions, such as Judaism and Islam.
How long does seminary take?
The duration of seminary varies depending on a student’s degree and their prior education. Generally, it takes about three to five years for those with an academic background in religious studies, while those without may spend up to six or seven years completing their graduate studies. Some programs consist of four years of coursework followed by a year of practical experience.
Are seminaries only for men?
No, not all seminaries are exclusively for men. While some religious traditions and specific seminaries may have restrictions based on gender, many seminaries welcome both men and women who seek theological education and preparation for various forms of ministry, both ordained and otherwise.
Can I go to seminary if I don’t want to be a priest?
Yes! Many people attend seminary without the intention of becoming a priest. Seminary education can prepare individuals for a wide range of careers, including chaplaincy, teaching, counseling, nonprofit leadership, and other ministry roles that do not require ordination.
What’s the difference between a seminary and a theological school?
The terms “seminary” and “theological school” are often used interchangeably, but there can be distinctions. Generally, a seminary is specifically focused on training students for ordained ministry within a particular religious tradition, offering pastoral and practical ministry training. A theological school, on the other hand, might offer a broader range of programs and degrees, including academic and research-focused studies in theology, religious studies, and related fields, and may not always include practical ministry training.
The Franciscan School of Theology: A Unique Academic Experience
If you are considering furthering your theological education in a unique and inclusive environment, the Franciscan School of Theology (FST) offers an exceptional opportunity. At FST, lay men and women study alongside seminarians, fostering a rich, collaborative learning experience unlike any other. As the only Franciscan theology school in the country that offers the Master of Divinity degree, FST provides a distinctive education grounded in the Franciscan tradition. Explore the programs at FST to discover how this unique blend of academic rigor and spiritual formation can help you achieve your personal and professional aspirations.
For more information, visit the Franciscan School of Theology and start your transformative journey today.
