How to Choose a Seminary Degree

Those who intend to enter into ordained ministry often attend a seminary, a type of school designed to prepare students to join the clergy. However, seminaries are increasingly open to lay people, or those who do not wish to be ordained — in fact, many people who attend seminary go on to work in secular settings. 

So what types of degrees are available at seminaries? And what can you do with them? This guide provides a comprehensive breakdown of seminary degrees, their requirements, and how to choose one. 

What Is a Seminary Degree?

Seminary Degree Options

What Can You Do With a Seminary Degree?

Skills Developed in Seminary

Seminary Degree Requirements

Common Misconceptions About Seminary Degrees

Choosing a Seminary Degree: Key Considerations 

Tips for Prospective Seminary Students

FAQs About Seminary Degrees

Answer Your Calling at the Franciscan School of Theology & Seminary

What Is a Seminary Degree?

A seminary degree is a graduate-level education offered by a faith-based institution. These programs provide students with both theological knowledge and the practical skills necessary for spiritual leadership. Seminary degrees are intended to prepare graduates to serve God and their communities in various capacities, including roles in ministry, counseling, and teaching.

Seminary degrees are available for aspiring spiritual leaders and lay people in the Christian, Jewish, and Muslim faiths. (The majority of this blog post refers to Christian seminaries.) The structure and content of these programs can vary depending on the religious tradition and denominational (or non-denominational) affiliation of the seminary; for example, within Catholicism, seminary degrees may be available only to men, which reflects one of the Church’s requirements for priesthood candidates.

In Christian seminaries, degree programs typically encompass a broad range of subjects as part of a comprehensive religious education. This includes the study of the Bible — covering both the Hebrew Bible and Christian New Testament — as well as the history of Christianity and its traditions throughout time. Theological studies form a core component of the curriculum; the critical examination of religious texts, traditions, philosophy, and ethics is essential for developing a deep understanding of one’s own connection to their faith. Seminary students may study ancient languages, such as Hebrew and Greek, to engage in in-depth analysis of ancient texts as they were written.

Seminary programs often include courses in ministerial arts, or the practical aspects of spiritual leadership, pastoral care, and counseling. Internships and other practical components are integral to these programs, since they help students gain hands-on professional experience. Elective courses offer additional opportunities for students to tailor their education to their specific interests and calling.

Seminary Degree Options

Seminary degrees generally fall into two categories: academic and professional. Each caters to different goals and career paths within the fields of theology and ministry.

• Academic seminary degrees are primarily geared toward expanding a student’s theological knowledge from an academic perspective. These programs provide a strong foundation in religious education, so they are ideal for those intending to pursue further education or doctoral programs. Academic seminary degrees place a heavy emphasis on in-depth analysis of the Bible, historical aspects of the faith, and theological traditions. Graduates of these programs often become experts in theological studies, contributing to the academic field by publishing essays, books, or religious education curriculum. They may also find opportunities to teach and share their expertise in school or church settings.
• On the other hand, professional seminary degrees focus primarily on the practice of ministry and Christian leadership. These programs are designed for students who are career-focused and seek practical preparation to become pastors in churches or enter into specialized ministries. A professional seminary degree curriculum emphasizes practical skills in ministerial arts, pastoral care, and leadership within faith communities. Graduates often pursue careers of service as lay professionals, dedicating their lives to various forms of ministry, including counseling, community outreach, and other roles that support and enhance the spiritual well-being of their communities.

The length of each program depends on the specific degree, as well as a student’s educational background. For example, a student with a bachelor’s degree in religious studies or a similar field may finish in three to four years, while a student without previous relevant experience may take up to six years to earn their degree.

There are several types of advanced degrees available to seminary students:

Master of Divinity

A Master of Divinity (MDiv) degree is designed primarily for those who intend to enter ordained ministry. It is one of the oldest and most common degrees pursued by individuals preparing for clergy roles. An MDiv program equips seminarians with the necessary theological knowledge, pastoral skills, and spiritual formation to lead and minister to others.

The standard MDiv curriculum covers a comprehensive range of subjects, including biblical studies, theology, church history, pastoral care, and practical ministry skills. Students receive a thorough education in their religious heritage while preparing for various ministerial roles. Graduates often go on to serve as pastors, lay ministers, chaplains, religious education teachers, catechists, missionaries, counselors, and ministerial associates.

The broad scope of many MDiv programs enables graduates to apply their skills and knowledge in diverse contexts, both within and outside of formal church settings. In addition to its traditional role in preparing students for ordained ministry, the MDiv degree is also suitable for those who wish to serve in secular positions such as nonprofit leadership, education, secular chaplaincy, and social work.

Master of Arts

A Master of Arts in Theology (MA in Theology) is an academic degree designed for individuals who seek to deepen their intellectual understanding of religious studies and biblical scholarship. Students in this program engage in rigorous academic research and critical analysis, honing their skills in interpreting and understanding religious scriptures and doctrines. This program is particularly suited for those who intend to become theological researchers, archivists, historians, writers, or speakers or pursue further academic studies in theology.

MA programs often allow students to specialize in a specific area, such as church history or biblical interpretation. Biblical interpretation specialists, in particular, explore the language of the Bible, learning ancient languages such as Hebrew and Greek to better understand the original texts. This linguistic training is crucial for accurate textual interpretation and scholarly analysis.

Graduates of an MA in Theology program are well-prepared for careers that require a deep knowledge of theology and religious studies. They often become theological researchers, contributing to academic scholarship through research and publications. Others may work as archivists or historians, preserving and interpreting religious documents and artifacts. The program also equips graduates to become writers or speakers who share their insights on theological topics with broad audiences.

Master of Theological Studies

A Master of Theological Studies (MTS) is an academic degree designed for individuals who seek to deepen their understanding of theology and its applications in various professional and academic contexts. MTS programs emphasize research skills, enabling students to conduct scholarly investigations and contribute to the ever-growing academic discourse on theology. An MTS is particularly beneficial for those who intend to teach religion, work in religious private schools, serve as counselors or lawyers, lead nonprofits, become lay ministers, or pursue careers as theological writers and speakers.

An MTS program provides a comprehensive study of the Bible and explores the development of faith throughout history, including the theological traditions of specific religions. This rigorous academic training provides students with a deep and nuanced understanding of religious doctrines and practices in historical context.

In addition to biblical and historical studies, the MTS curriculum often includes elements of philosophy and ethics. Students engage with fundamental questions about morality, human existence, the nature of the divine, and other philosophical and ethical inquiries. This type of critical examination is crucial for those who wish to apply theological insights to contemporary issues in various professional capacities.

Many MTS degree programs include components of interfaith ministry, so graduates are prepared to engage with and understand diverse religious traditions. This aspect is particularly valuable for those working in multicultural and interfaith settings, such as counselors, nonprofit leaders, and community organizers.

Seminary Doctoral Degrees

Some seminaries offer terminal degrees in addition to graduate-level degrees. These, too, fall into either academic or professional categories.

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) focuses heavily on writing and research in the field of theology. Degree candidates conduct extensive scholarly research, which culminates in the completion of a dissertation on a chosen theological topic. This degree is particularly suited for those who aspire to teach theology at the university level or work in other academic settings, as it provides the training necessary for a career in theological scholarship and education.

A Doctor of Ministry (DMin) is a professional doctorate designed for individuals who are dedicated to ministering to others. This program emphasizes practical ministry skills and involves significant time spent working in the field, more so than extensive writing and research. The DMin prepares students for advanced pastoral roles, as it enhances their ability to lead congregations, provide spiritual care, and engage in various forms of ministry work.

What Can You Do With a Seminary Degree?

While most people who attend seminary do so in preparation for ordained ministry, many attend with entirely different goals in mind. Seminary graduates go on to pursue a wide range of professions, both in and outside of the church.

• Ordained priest/pastor/minister: Leads a congregation in worship, provides spiritual guidance, and performs religious rites and sacraments.
  
• Chaplain: Provides spiritual care and support in settings like hospitals, prisons, the military, and schools.
  
• Counselor (spiritual or secular): Offers guidance and support to individuals dealing with personal, spiritual, or emotional issues.
  
• Deacon: Assists in ministry duties such as preaching, teaching, and performing charitable works within the church community.
  
• Teacher (religious or secular): Educates students in religious studies, ethics, or secular subjects within schools or religious institutions.
  
• School educational director (religious or secular): Oversees religious or general education programs, ensuring curriculum quality and adherence to educational standards.
  
• Catechist: Teaches religious education and prepares individuals for sacraments within the church.
  
• Professor of theology or religious studies: Teaches and conducts research in theology or religious studies at colleges or universities. Requires a doctoral degree.
  
• Lay minister: Serves in various church roles without being ordained, often leading specific ministries or programs.
  
• Missionary: Spreads religious teachings and provides humanitarian aid in various cultural contexts.
  

• Theological scholar/writer/researcher/speaker: Engages in scholarly research, writes on theological topics, and speaks at conferences or public events.
  
• Social worker: Provides support and resources to individuals and communities, often integrating spiritual care with social services.
  
• Nonprofit leader: Manages and directs nonprofit organizations, often with a focus on faith-based initiatives and community service.
  
• Grant writer: Secures funding for faith-based or nonprofit organizations by writing proposals and applications for grants.

Seminary Degree Comparison Chart

Degree	Master of Divinity (MDiv)	Master of Arts in Theology (MA in Theology)	Master of Theological Studies (MTS)	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)	Doctor of Ministry (DMin)
Focus	Preparation for ordained ministry; pastoral skills, theological knowledge, spiritual formation	Emphasizes scholarly research, critical analysis, and interpretation of religious texts	Deepening understanding of theology and its applications in various contexts; includes components of philosophy, ethics, and interfaith ministry	Writing, research, and dissertation on a focused area of study	Emphasizes practical application of ministry skills
Career Paths	Pastors, lay ministers, chaplains, educators, counselors, missionaries, religious educators	Theological researchers, historians, writers, speakers, educators	Teachers, counselors, lawyers, nonprofit leaders, lay ministers, writers, speakers	Theological researchers, professors, academic scholars	Pastors, chaplains, senior ministry roles, counselors, educators
Curriculum	Comprehensive biblical studies, theology, church history, pastoral care, practical ministry	Academic research, biblical interpretation, church history	Bible study, theology, history of faith, philosophy, ethics, interfaith ministry	Intensive research, dissertation on theological topic	Practical ministry, fieldwork, less emphasis on research and writing
Duration	Typically 3–4 years full-time	Typically 2–3 years full-time	Typically 2–3 years full-time	3–5 years full-time	3–4 years full-time

Skills Developed in Seminary

Seminary education equips students with a diverse set of skills essential for religious leadership, ministry, and scholarship. These skills encompass a deep understanding of religious traditions, as well as practical abilities in pastoral care, communication, and theological discourse.

Some of the key skills gained during seminary training include:

• Robust knowledge of religious texts and doctrines: Seminary students develop a comprehensive understanding of sacred scriptures and theological principles. This includes studying the Bible or other religious texts in their original languages, interpreting their meanings, and applying their teachings to contemporary life.
• In-depth knowledge of church history, traditions, and worship practices: Students gain a thorough understanding of the historical development of their faith, including key events, figures, and movements. They also learn about various traditions and practices of worship, which enriches their ability to lead and participate in religious ceremonies.
• Ability to lead guided prayer: Seminarians are trained to lead others in prayer and to create meaningful and spiritually uplifting experiences. This involves understanding different types of prayer and techniques for fostering a deep personal connection with the divine.
• Ability to perform religious rites and administer sacraments: Students learn to conduct essential religious ceremonies, such as baptisms, weddings, and funerals. They also gain the skills needed to administer sacraments, adhering to the theological and liturgical guidelines of their faith tradition.
• Ability to lead worship services: Seminary education includes training in planning and leading worship services. This involves selecting appropriate liturgical elements, preparing sermons or homilies, and engaging the congregation in worship.
• One-to-one counseling: Pastoral care is a crucial aspect of seminary training. Students learn techniques for providing spiritual guidance and support to individuals, helping them navigate personal challenges and deepen their faith.
• Apologetics: Students are equipped to defend and explain their faith through the study of apologetics. This involves understanding common objections to their beliefs and learning how to articulate reasoned responses based on theological and philosophical principles.
• Debate skills: Seminary education fosters critical thinking and debate skills, which prepares students to contribute to scholarly discourse and thoughtfully address diverse perspectives within their faith communities.
• Excellent communication skills (written and oral): Students learn to convey complex ideas clearly and persuasively by writing and delivering sermons, essays, and theological arguments.
• Personal discipline: Personal discipline is essential for seminarians to maintain their spiritual practices, ethical behavior, and rigorous academic study. This discipline supports their overall growth as leaders and role models within their faith communities.
• Performing academic research: Students gain advanced research skills, including the ability to conduct scholarly investigations, analyze religious texts, and contribute original insights to theological studies. This prepares them for academic careers and ongoing intellectual engagement with their faith.

Seminary Degree Requirements

Seminary entrance requirements are intended to reflect the institution’s goal of preparing individuals to lead and support communities in matters of faith and character development. The following are typical key requirements for prospective seminary students.

• Faith and understanding of beliefs: It is crucial for prospective seminarians to have a strong understanding of their personal faith and beliefs. Belief in church tenets may be documented through letters of reference, personal essays, or passing a test on church doctrine. Some seminaries may require signing a letter of agreement reflecting personal faith and belief commitments.
• Academic requirements: A bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution is typically required before enrolling in a seminary graduate program. Applicants must meet the seminary’s academic admissions standards, which may include minimum GPA requirements and standardized test scores. Applicants must also submit previous academic transcripts to demonstrate preparedness for graduate-level study.

• Character and personal background: Applicants usually need to provide letters of recommendation, often from academic or religious sources, to attest to their character and readiness for seminary. It is best to select character references who can speak to one’s moral and ethical qualities, in addition to academic abilities. All applicants must undergo a background check, which may include criminal history; if an applicant does have a criminal history, they may demonstrate program readiness through a documented history of repentance, forgiveness, and redemption that aligns with seminary values.
• Additional assessments: Applicants usually complete a written component, such as a Statement of Purpose, detailing their reasons for pursuing seminary education and their career goals. The school may also require applicants to undergo a psychological evaluation to assess their readiness for pastoral and ministry roles. Finally, many seminaries maintain a code of conduct that reflects the behavior expected of a religious leader; accepted students may need to sign a contract agreeing to expectations for social practices, dress codes, and specific ethical guidelines.

While not universal, some seminaries require applicants to have previously served in church ministry or participated in specific church activities like music or outreach for a specified period. This demonstrates an awareness of the practical aspects of church leadership.

Common Misconceptions About Seminary Degrees

Since seminaries are a very specific kind of school, historically intended for a very specific audience, there are widespread misconceptions regarding their accessibility to the broader population. The following are a few of the most common.

Seminaries are only open to men.

Historically, many seminaries were exclusively for men. Today, a significant number of seminaries are open to both men and women. Many religious traditions, including various Protestant denominations and some branches of Judaism, welcome female seminarians. These institutions offer programs for women pursuing roles in ministry, chaplaincy, religious education, and other forms of spiritual leadership. There are also seminaries whose students study alongside lay men and women, so all receive the same education.

Seminaries are only for Christians.

Seminaries are not limited to Christian traditions. There are seminaries and theological schools dedicated to Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist, and other religious traditions. All provide training and education for individuals seeking to deepen their understanding of their own faith and prepare for leadership roles within their religious communities.

Aspiring priests are the only ones who go to seminary.

Seminaries serve a wide range of students, not just those aspiring to become priests. Many people attend seminary to become pastors, ministers, chaplains, religious educators, counselors, nonprofit leaders, and lay ministers. Seminary education also attracts individuals interested in academic careers in theology, religious studies, and related fields.

You need to live at a seminary in order to attend.

Living on campus is not a requirement for attending seminary. Many seminaries offer flexible learning options, including online courses, hybrid programs, and part-time schedules to accommodate students who have other commitments or who live far from the school. These options allow a diverse range of students to pursue a seminary education without needing to relocate or live on campus.

Choosing a Seminary Degree: Key Considerations

Choosing the right seminary degree involves careful contemplation of various factors related to both the institution and your personal goals and beliefs. The following are some key considerations to keep in mind as you make your decision.

Academic and school-specific considerations include:

• Accreditation status: Verify that the seminary is accredited by recognized accrediting bodies such as the Association of Advanced Rabbinical and Talmudic Schools, the Association for Biblical Higher Education, the Association of Theological Schools Commission on Accrediting, or the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools.
  
• University affiliation: Some seminaries are part of larger universities or institutions, which can provide additional resources, opportunities for interdisciplinary studies, and a broader academic network.
  
• Faculty credentials: Review the qualifications and backgrounds of the seminary’s faculty members. Strong academic credentials, practical ministry experience, and published works can indicate a high-quality education.
  
• Student testimonials: Read testimonials from current students and alumni to gain insight into their experiences. Their perspectives can provide valuable information about the seminary’s community, quality of education, and support systems.
  
• Campus community: The campus community plays a crucial role in your seminary experience. Look for a supportive and inclusive environment that fosters spiritual growth, academic excellence, and personal development.

Practical considerations include:

• Length of program: The duration of seminary programs can vary significantly. Consider whether the length of a program fits with your career timeline and personal commitments. Master’s programs typically range from two to four years, while doctoral programs can take three to five years or more.
  
• Cost of program and financial aid: Tuition costs can vary widely. Investigate the total cost of the program and available financial aid options. Some seminaries offer scholarships, grants, or financial support from church endowments, making them more affordable compared to other graduate programs.
  
• Location: Proximity to family, opportunities for internships or ministry work, and the overall environment of the area may impact your decision.
  

Professional, fundamental, and personal considerations include:

• Guiding religion/denomination: Ensure that the seminary aligns with your faith tradition or denomination. Some seminaries are non-denominational, while others are affiliated with specific religious traditions, such as Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism, or Islam.
  
• Your career or ministry goals: Clarify your career or ministry objectives. Whether you aim to become a pastor, chaplain, counselor, educator, or nonprofit leader, ensure the program will support your professional aspirations.
  
• Vocational calling: Reflect on your sense of calling to ministry or theological study. A strong vocational calling can guide your decision and commitment to seminary education.
  
• School values: Assess whether the seminary’s theological approach and teachings resonate with your beliefs and values. Finding the right fit is essential for a fulfilling and transformative educational experience.

Tips for Prospective Seminary Students

Aside from cultivating responsible study habits and other practices for academic success, there are a few unique tips that prospective seminary students should keep in mind as they plan their degree journey.

First, embrace diversity of perspectives! You will encounter people from many different backgrounds in seminary, all with unique relationships to their faith. Be prepared to think critically about your beliefs and engage in meaningful discussions. Having your own perceptions of faith challenged is part of the learning experience.

To that end, approach your education with a curious mind. Ask questions, seek deeper understanding, and explore various theological and philosophical concepts to enrich your learning — especially if they feel uncomfortable at first.

Seminary is as much about community as it is about individual learning. Participate in communal study, worship, and social activities to build relationships and enhance your educational journey. Find mentors among faculty and experienced peers who can provide guidance, support, and insight throughout your seminary journey. Building these relationships can be invaluable for your personal and professional development.

Seminary requires a high level of discipline in both academics and personal conduct, so it’s important that you balance your studies with your social life and maintain ethical behavior in line with your faith’s teachings. However, make sure that your academic pursuits do not overshadow your spiritual growth. Integrate your studies with your spiritual practices to maintain a holistic approach to your formation.

Above all, prioritize your physical, emotional, and mental well-being. Seminary can be demanding, so ensure you take time for rest, exercise, and activities that rejuvenate your spirit. It can be beneficial and healing to maintain strong ties with your home church or faith community throughout your education — their support and encouragement can be a vital source of strength and inspiration during your studies.

FAQs About Seminary Degrees

Can only priests attend seminary?

No, seminaries welcome a diverse range of students, including those pursuing roles such as pastors, chaplains, lay ministers, counselors, teachers, nonprofit leaders, and other positions within religious and spiritual communities.

Can women earn seminary degrees?

Yes, many seminaries offer programs for women, and they can pursue degrees and roles in ministry, chaplaincy, religious education, counseling, and other areas.

Do you need to live at a seminary?

No, many seminaries offer flexible learning options, including online courses, hybrid programs, and part-time schedules, allowing students to study without needing to live on campus.

Can you earn a bachelor’s degree at seminary?

Generally, seminaries offer graduate-level degrees, but some may have affiliated institutions or programs where students can pursue undergraduate studies in theology or religious studies.

Answer Your Calling at the Franciscan School of Theology & Seminary

Deciding to pursue a seminary education is a profound step toward deepening your faith, expanding your theological knowledge, and preparing for a life of service. Whether you are drawn to ordained ministry, teaching, counseling, or other forms of spiritual leadership, the Franciscan School of Theology offers a diverse range of graduate programs designed to help students meet these goals. At FST, lay men and women study alongside seminarians, which fosters a rich environment of shared learning and spiritual growth.

Explore our graduate programs and discover how FST can support your journey.